The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age Free Essays

Running head: The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age 1 The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age Tara Brooks Professor Bristow, J. D. Law, Ethics and Corporate Governance, LEG 500 4 May 2012 Abstract what number of us have delayed during discussion in the previous quite a long while, out of nowhere mindful that you may be listened stealthily on? Most likely it was a telephone discussion, albeit perhaps it was an email or text trade or a discussion in an open spot. We will compose a custom article test on The Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Possibly the point was psychological warfare, or legislative issues, or your chapel gathering. You delay unexpectedly, quickly apprehensive that your words may be taken outside of any relevant connection to the issue at hand, and afterward you snicker at your distrustfulness and go on. Be that as it may, your mien has changed, and your words are unpretentiously modified. Protection is a developing worry in the United States and around the globe. As we progressively utilize the Internet and the apparently limit less alternatives for gathering, sparing, sharing, and contrasting data trigger consumer’s stresses. Online acts of business and government offices may introduce better approaches to bargain protection, and web based business and advancements that make a wide scope of individual data accessible to anybody with a Web program just start to allude to the opportunities for improper or ridiculous interruption into our own lives. Security is significant particularly on the Internet. It is stunning what number of sites are intended to uncover private insights regarding peopleâ€actually it is somewhat terrifying. In this paper, I will talk about various subjects on the estimation of computerized security. Watchwords: protection, individual data, advanced security . Rundown and depict in any event three (3) innovations that permit a person to investigate citizens’ private information. The three advances that permit a person to explore citizens’ private information are Bluetooth, GPS, and Google (Internet). The primary innovation I will talk about is Bluetooth. Bluetooth has a few different ways it tends to be hacked. A few different ways are blue jacking, blue snarfing, and blue bothering. In blue jacking, somebody may send spontaneous messages to the casualty as a business card or a versatile contact with a book that may look threatening to peruse. Much of the time, somebody may likewise send seems like a ring tone. The victim’s versatile could then be invaded and he/she may never realize what has occurred. Blue jacking messages can likewise be seen as spam messages with messages. There have additionally been reports about individuals getting hacked by Trojan Horses which could mean a genuine trade off. Blue snarfing is viewed as a genuine trade off in the class of Bluetooth hacking particularly if the data powerless, is very basic, as such assaults can permit somebody access to victim’s contact list, instant messages, messages and even private photographs and recordings. In blue bothering, somebody utilizes refined assaults to deal with victim’s versatile. It works simply like Trojan ponies, where somebody can control the user’s telephone the way he/she wants by executing orders on the victim’s telephone. The programmer could advance portable calls from the victim’s versatile to his own gadget and can even control the versatile to adhere to a Bluetooth headset guidelines like; get call, send messages and so on. (Centers by Hassam, 2011) The subsequent innovation is GPS. A GPS following unit empowers you to decide the exact area of individual, vehicle or other item. GPS (Global Positioning System) is the main utilitarian framework, which can record the situation of an item at standard stretches. A GPS following unit is useful to such an extent that it can store the recorded area information inside the following unit. Satellite transmits signals that can be caught by GPS beneficiaries to locate the exact area of any item you are looking for. Beside making driving simpler, the on-board gadgets insurgency has provided a few people another guidance in their lives. Shockingly, it could take them directly into your room or front room. These individuals are GPS hoodlums. At the point when they take your gadget, they now and again get something beyond a hardware thing they can sell for $100 or more in the city. They get your place of residence. With the press of a catch, one regular navigational component, the home setting, completely robotizes the way toward guiding you to your home †a comfort that thieves and stalkers make certain to appreciate. It’s enough to transform your free-skimming uneasiness about information robbery into out and out distrustfulness about home intrusion. Around two years back, cheats took various Acura vehicles from a corporation’s carport in Atlanta, and, in three cases, they utilized the GPS units in the vehicles to discover and afterward burglarize employees’ homes. (Gary Thomas, â€Å"Thieves Target GPS Devices to Find Out Where You Live†, December 2009) The last innovation is Google. Our class traded names with each other. We went to the lab to discover data on the individual that we were given. It is stunning and frightening to perceive how much data can be found from Google. Some data is telephone numbers, addresses, and where somebody really lives. I can basically type for the sake of the individual or business, ideally with quotes around the name, and if the telephone number has been entered some place on the Web, than it will come up in my query items. I can likewise discover a wide range of valuable data with Google Maps, essentially by composing in a location. Actually, I can utilize Google Maps to see a whole neighborhood. 2. Talk about the points of interest and disservices of community to this data, both for the specialists and the individuals who are being â€Å"investigated. † One primary bit of leeway and burden of blue tooth is that I am in Control: From a researcher’s see, I’m ready to trade information over my phone, I’m still can keep my data hidden. So as to make an exchange or permit somebody to get to the records on the telephone, I would need to give them access by tolerating or dismissing the solicitation through my telephone. As somebody being researched, I have to guarantee on the off chance that I have the Bluetooth include empowered on the telephone and not debilitated while utilizing it, others that I may not realize solicitation to send me a document. Executing security, in any event, for these kinds of gadget pairings, can keep an unapproved client from utilizing the headset. As somebody that is â€Å"investigated†, I would need to keep my data, for example, contacts, addresses and other data private and safe. A portion of the upsides of GPS are that it can follow lost things and it can follow individuals. As a scientist, I understand that the crime percentage continues expanding in all aspects of the world and a great deal of exceptionally important articles have been, and will, be taken. It doesn’t matter how insignificant you think an article or hardware is to other people on the off chance that it is something that is over the top expensive you should ensure you introduce a GPS following framework on it. As an analyst, I can discovered my thing or youngster rapidly. Numerous telephones have GPS capacities that little youngsters and adolescents may not think about; this is an extraordinary access if a kid disappears. As an individual that is â€Å"investigated†, the detriment of GPS innovation that can spare lives can likewise give a structure to intrusion of protection. As indicated by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, locational protection â€Å"is the capacity of a person to move in broad daylight space with the desire that under ordinary conditions their area won't be deliberately and covertly recorded for sometime in the future. † (Peyton Brookes, Advantages ; Disadvantages of Mobile Tracking, 2012) As an analyst, data is presumably the greatest bit of leeway that Internet offers. Web is a virtual fortune parkway of data. Any sort of data on any subject under the sun is accessible on the Internet. The web crawlers like Google, Yahoo are at your administration on the Internet. There is a tremendous measure of data accessible on the Internet for pretty much every subject known to man, going from government law and administrations, exchange fairs and gatherings, showcase data, new thoughts and specialized help, the rundown is unending. Likewise as a scientist, Internet has made life helpful. With various online administrations I would now be able to play out the entirety of my exchanges on the web. I can book tickets for a film, move reserves, cover utility tabs, charges and so forth , from my PC. Some movement sites even arrangement an Itinerary according to my inclinations and deal with carrier tickets, lodging reservations and so on. As somebody that is â€Å"investigated†, in the event that I utilize the Internet for web based banking, long range interpersonal communication or different administrations, I may hazard a burglary to my own data, for example, name, address, Visa number and so forth. Malicious individuals can get to this data through unbound associations or by planting programming and afterward utilize my own subtleties for their advantage. Obviously, this may land me in a difficult situation. Google stores colossal measures of information to control its Web search and promoting motors, and numerous protection advocates have more than once raised worries over the measure of individual data Google can get to. 3. Figure out what estimates residents can take to ensure private data or data they would prefer not to be uncovered. A few estimates that residents can take to secure private data are utilize various passwords for each record. It is anything but difficult to utilize a similar secret phrase for each record that you have, however it isn't sheltered or shrewd. Programmers have devices explicitly intended to split into accounts. A solid secret word contains letters, numbers, various cases, and images. Another way, on the off chance that you have old online records that are not being utilized, closes them. Programmers

Reflecting Popes in Pieces of Art essays

Reflecting Popes in Pieces of Art expositions The three pieces examined in this exposition are altogether firmly identified with popes of the Roman Catholic Church. Michelangelo's The Last Judgment, Raphael's School of Athens and Pietro da Cortona's Glorification of the Reign of Urban VIII not just have their connection to a specific pope in like manner, yet additionally are generally excellent impressions of the imaginative developments and verifiable occasions of the time in which each work was finished. Raphael's The School of Athens was a work done on one mass of the Stanza della Segnatura, a previous gathering room of the ecclesiastical council and Julius II's then current private library, in line with Pope Julius II. Julius II had different craftsmen chipping away at the room when he saw a portion of Raphael's work. He at that point had different specialists stop work and called for Raphael to do the room. Raphael took over in 1508 (that year Michelangelo was appointed on the Sistine Chapel) and had finished the activity in 1511. This piece is generally huge in its impression of the authentic period. It was in this time during the Renaissance that the Medici family reclassified business and individuals like Machiavelli realized new political thoughts in books like The Prince. another rush of reasoning and reason was spreading. The School of Athens unites all the old ways of thinking and their popular agents while forgetting about any reference to Christian topics. Tyhe painting e mbodies the famous pattern of the time. The canvas is additionally totally illustrative of the High Renaissance style. The consideration is totally on reasonable, naturalistic depiction of the figure. Strikingly the artwork shows representations of his peers, Leonardo da Vinci (Plato) and Michelangelo (Heraklitos). The Leonardo representation is expected to pay tribute to his job as a mastermind and craftsman in building up the High Renaissance style. Subsequent to returning back to Rome from Florence on the request for Pope Paul III, Michelangelo started take a shot at The... <!

Newell Company free essay sample

The CEO John McDonough managed for Newell Company during 1998 administered two acquisitions. First was the procurement of Calphalon and second was the obtaining of Rubbermaid. Calphalon was a secretly held producer of anodized aluminum cookware while Rubbermaid was a maker of plastic shopper and business items. It was concluded that the new organization would be named as Newell Rubbermaid and would have a more noteworthy worldwide nearness and a more extensive item offering. These acquisitions were seen as a feature of the following Newell’s methodology and McDonough distinguished a need to create and purchase more grounded brands as a result of expanding market intensity of Newell’s essential clients. Their clients were enormous store like Wal-Mart, K Mart and so on. Wal Mart alone accounted 15% of the deals for Newell. They key viewpoint of Newell was to concentrate on the gainfulness point of view not on deals viewpoints. Newell followed a forceful showcasing technique by gaining 30 organizations in the following 20 years, to follow up on it they concentrated on those organizations which were moderately feeble, have old innovation, reduced creation and beneath normal creation, productivity and adequacy. McDonough felt that the organization needed to develop and furthermore said that the examination demonstrated that organizations with over $10 billion in advertise capitalization directed more significant expense/profit products and that it was significant for Newell to arrive at this degree of advancement. 1. Does the Newell have a fruitful corporate-level technique? Does the organization increase the value of the organizations inside its portfolio? Provided that this is true, how? Indeed, Newell have an effective corporate level technique and it adds an incentive to the business inside its portfolio. Newell organization corporate technique was fundamentally founded on the justification that the organization needs to keep on developing to the degree that it could traverse $10 billion in showcase capitalization with the goal that it could order more significant expense/income products in the market. To accomplish this objective Newell Company follows the system to make a high-volume/minimal effort item and focus towards enormous retail organizations, the bigger mass retailers. â€Å"Newell is a producer and full-administration advertiser of customer items serving the requirements of volume retailers†. (Statement of purpose) Besides simply adhering to the parent organization, Newell the board received some forceful system and began obtaining related business to its business portfolio. Thusly, the officials thought to use and underwrite the connections of the objective organizations in the market so as to sell different things too. The more extensive corporate procedure other than these acquisitions was to increase the value of its effectively ground-breaking multiproduct offering and make Newell an increasingly significant provider for the world biggest retailers. The organization obtained organizations to balance its current product offerings and solidify industry ability to accomplish productivity as opposed to evaluating power. The acquisitions additionally give Newell a benefit of rack space at various retailers. The two dimensional methodology anyway doesn't give a strong base to a consistent development design. Other than on concentrating on just volume retailers the organization begins procuring organizations that gracefully to little autonomous client. Anyway as the essential system of Newell advances multi brand offering the forceful technique of procuring related organizations that volume retailers would keep on their racks throughout each and every year some way or another increase the value of its business portfolio as long as the organization adhere to its significant procedure of serving mass retail clients instead of little autonomous retailers. 2. What are the company’s unmistakable assets? Newell has a legacy of asset based culture. Since its initiation in 1902, Newell has developed from a little metallic drape bars provider to a mammoth purchaser and business items with an exceptionally differing and beautified portfolio including famous brands across globe. From the hour of organization president Dan Ferguson, who detailed the center corporate procedure and spread out the key focal point of the organization, Newell has worked together dependent on one basic yet characterizing way of thinking â€Å"build on what we do best†. Their center competency laid in high volume, minimal effort creation and capacity to build up a solid bond with enormous scope retailers. Conveying forward this way of thinking, Newell’s unmistakable assets include its solid HRM, especially senior administration, amazingly engaged procurement approach and its hearty arrangement and rebuilding process. Newell is honored with a powerful administration that has embraced a foresighted and comprehensive methodology. The administration has held close the way of thinking of building a solid domain around ‘brands that matter’ while adhering to its center abilities to continue a worldwide upper hand. From the time the organization understood its vision to create high volume/ease items that were perceived all around, it guaranteed that all the organizations it gained throughout the years were smoothed out as indicated by the company’s crucial, center methodology. The administration made light of an instrumental job by reducing the expenses and expanding net revenues of the procured organizations viably. This procedure called ‘Newellization’ occurred inside the brief time of 6-year and a half as a result of the admirable endeavors of the administration. All the organizations taken over by Newell were distributed presidents and controllers got from outside of gained firms so as to adjust the procedures and organization to that of Newell’s. Second particular asset is Newell’s obtaining procedure smooth and centered. Newell flourished by obtaining 30 significant organizations in only 20 years, bringing under its flag significant brands like Calphalon, Black and Decker, Rubbermaid, Kirsch, etc. The organization had an all around characterized crucial; produce and gracefully volume product to stock retailers, and for this reason, it just focused on those organizations that could help clear Newell’s nearness in huge and presumed retailers. It planned on procuring organizations that had key likenesses with Newell yet had low operational effectiveness and low gainfulness so that after procurement, the exhibition could be effortlessly compared through fiscal reports investigation and basic zones distinguished. Additionally, Newell just took over organizations that additional to its distinction and didn't dangle its key core interest. For example, Newell stripped any business that didn't have a vital fit with Newell’s principle center. When Wm. E. Wright, gained in 1985 by Newell, lost offer with huge scope retailers and moved to the individual retailers section, in spite of the strong presentation of the previous, the last stripped and offered the organization to all the more likely use the assets on elective organizations that associated Newell to mass retail clients. The last unmistakable asset recognized is the Newellization process itself did by the organization. As referenced above, Newell had the option to smooth out the practices and major useful exercises like organization, bookkeeping and so forth just as cut expenses by distinguishing imperfections in the company’s esteem chain, effectively. Generally the procedure took around year and a half however for most cases, it had the option to attempt this difficult activity inside a half year. 3. Does the securing of Calphalon bode well? Calphalon was built up in 1963, enjoyed creation of top notch aluminum cookware. It was a secretly held organization. It entered the food business in 1973. It was in premium product offering; delivered six significant items. In 1987, its deals went extremely high; in 15 years it rose from $6million to $120 million. In any case, its overall revenue declined. In 1997, Calphalon neglected to stay up with the time, a more youthful style situated age started which the organization didn't follow. Its circulation channel was the primary explanation. Calphalon had two qualities; (I) pull system of deals procedure and (ii) solid client relationship. Newell was pulled in towards it because of its achievement in the organization and potential to develop further, its declining net revenue was the significant explanation behind the securing to happen. History has it, Newell is pulled in to organizations with lower overall revenue; Anchor Hocking can be taken for instance. Its business rose to $757 million yet had a net revenue of 0. 5%. Newell then again, had a deals of $350 million yet an overall revenue of 11%. In 1987, Newell did a takeover and applied its Newellization procedure and was exceptionally effective. The procurement occurred in 1998 when Calphalon was in an agreement for production of kitchen basics. The obtaining of Calphalon doesn't bode well because of the accompanying reasons: The statement of purpose of Newell â€Å"Newell is a producer and full-administration advertiser of customer items serving the necessities of volume purchasers† portrays its emphasis on mass retailers as opposed to little autonomous retailers. The securing of Calphalon doesn't bode well as it was working on smaller scale level by focusing on conclusive shoppers just as retailers and this was not perfect with the Newell methodology. Newell’s objective was to accomplish productivity by getting a charge out of economies of scale as it was focusing to mass retailers, Calphalon the executives anyway never engaged at the volume opportunity however at the open doors the relationship can convey to the general target of the brand. Calphalon was confronting solid rivalry in the market from some strong brands and was confronting the weight of value wars from them which makes its position very hazardous. Newell on the opposite was a hazard unwilling organization and abstain from enjoying value wars. 4. Was the Rubbermaid procurement a decent move for Newell? Obtaining measures of Newell’s Rubbermaid fits inside this organization since this has solid brand value with critical

The Treaty of Paris Free Essays

Arrangement of Paris Signed by the United States and Spain, December 10, 1898The United States of America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, for the sake of her august child Don Alfonso XIII, wanting to end the condition of war currently existing between the two nations, have for that reason designated as diplomats: The President of the United States, William R. Day, Cushman K. Davis, William P. We will compose a custom article test on The Treaty of Paris or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Frye, George Gray, and Whitelaw Reid, residents of the United States; And Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, Don Eugenio Montero Rios, leader of the senate, Don Buenaventura de Abarzuza, representative of the Kingdom and ex-priest of the Crown; Don Jose de Garnica, appointee of the Cortes and partner equity of the preeminent court; Don Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa-Urrutia, agent exceptional and serve diplomat at Brussels, and Don Rafael Cerero, general of division; Who, having amassed in Paris, and having traded their full powers, which were seen as in due and legitimate structure, have, after conversation of the issues before them, concurred up on the accompanying articles: Article I. Spain gives up all case of power over and title to Cuba. Also, as the island seems to be, upon its clearing by Spain, to be involved by the United States, the United States will, insofar as such occupation will last, expect and release the commitments that may under universal law result from the real ity of its occupation, for the security of life and property. Article II. Spain surrenders to the United States the island of Porto Rico and different islands now under Spanish power in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones. Article III. Spain surrenders to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and appreciating the islands existing in the accompanying line: A line running from west to east along or approach the twentieth equal of north scope, and through the center of the safe channel of Bachi, from the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) to the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, thereupon along the one hundred and twenty seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the equal of four degrees and forty five minutes (4 [degree symbol] 45†²]) north scope, thus along the equal of four degrees and forty five minutes (4 [degree symbol] 45†²) north scope to its crossing point with the meridian of longitude one hundred and nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119 [degree symbol] 35†²) east of Greenwich, thereupon along the meridian of longitude one hundred nd nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119 [ degree symbol] 35†²) east of Greenwich to the equal of scope seven degrees and forty minutes (7 [degree symbol] 40†²) north, thereupon along the equal of scope of seven degrees and forty minutes (7 [degree symbol] 40†²) north to its convergence with the one hundred and sixteenth (116th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, thus by an immediate line to the crossing point of the (tenth) degree equal of north scope with the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, and thus along the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the point of starting. The United States will pay to Spain the total of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) inside a quarter of a year after the trading of the sanctions of the current bargain. Article IV. The United States will, for the term of ten years from the date of the trading of the sanctions of the current arrangement, concede Spanish ships and pr oduct to the ports of the Philippine Islands on indistinguishable terms from boats and product of the United States. Article VThe United States will, upon the mark of the current settlement, send back to Spain, at its own cost, the Spanish warriors taken as detainees of war on the catch of Manila by the American powers. The arms of the fighters being referred to will be reestablished to them. Spain will, upon the trading of the sanctions of the current settlement, continue to clear the Philippines, just as the island of Guam, on terms like those settled upon by the Commissioners designated to organize the departure of Porto Rico and different islands in the West Indies, under the Protocol of August 12, 1898, which is to proceed in power till its arrangements are totally executed. The time inside which the clearing of the Philippine Islands and Guam will be finished will be fixed by the two Governments. Stands of hues, uncaptured war vessels, little arms, firearms all things considered, with their carriages and extras, powder, ammo, animals, and materials and supplies of various sorts, having a place with the land and maritime powers of Spain in the Philippines and Guam, remain the property of Spain. Bits of overwhelming weapons, select of field cannons, in the fortresses and coast guards, will stay in their emplacements for the term of a half year, to be figured from the trading of approvals of the arrangement; and the United States may, meanwhile, buy such material from Spain, if an acceptable understanding between the two Governments regarding the matter will be reached. Article VISpain will, upon the mark of the current arrangement, discharge all detainees of war, and all people kept or detained for political offenses, regarding the rebellions in Cuba and the Philippines and the war with the United States. Equally, the United States will discharge all people made detainees of war by the American powers, and will attempt to acquire the arrival of every single Spanish detainee in the hands of the extremists in Cuba and the Philippines. The Government of the United States will at its own cost come back to Spain and the Government of Spain will at its own cost come back to the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, as indicated by the circumstance of their individual homes, detainees discharged or caused to be discharged by them, separately, under this article. Article VII. The United States and Spain commonly give up all cases for reimbursement, national and individual, of each sort, of either Government, or of its residents or subjects, against the other Government, that may have emerged since the start of the late insurgence in Cuba and before the trading of approvals of the current settlement, including all cases for repayment for the expense of the war. The United States will mediate and settle the cases of its residents against Spain surrendered in this article. Article VIII. In congruity with the arrangements of Articles I, II, and III of this settlement, Spain surrenders in Cuba, and surrenders in Porto Rico and different islands in the West Indies, in the island of Guam, and in the Philippine Archipelago, all the structures, wharves, military quarters, strongholds, structures, open parkways and other steady property which, in similarity with law, have a place with the open space, and as such have a place with the Crown of Spain. What's more, it is therefore announced that the surrender or cession, by and large, to which the first passage alludes, can in no regard impede the property or rights which by law have a place with the quiet ownership of property of different sorts, of areas, districts, open or private foundations, religious or city bodies, or some other affiliations having lawful ability to get and have property in the aforementioned domains revoked or surrendered, or of private people, of at all nationality such people might be. The aforementioned surrender or cession, all things considered, incorporates all records solely alluding to the power surrendered or surrendered that may exist in the files of the Peninsula. Where any report in such chronicles just to a limited extent identifies with said sway, a duplicate of such part will be outfitted at whatever point it will be mentioned. Like guidelines will be equally seen for Spain in regard of reports in the documents of the islands above alluded to . In the aforementioned surrender or cession, all things considered, are additionally included such rights as the Crown of Spain and its specialists have in regard of the official files and records, official just as legal, in the islands above alluded to, which identify with said islands or the rights and property of their occupants. Such chronicles and records will be painstakingly protected, and private people will without differentiation reserve the privilege to require, as per law, confirmed duplicates of the agreements, wills and different instruments shaping piece of notorial conventions or documents, or which might be contained in the official or legal files, be the last in Spain or in the islands previously mentioned. Article IX. Spanish subjects, locals of the Peninsula, dwelling in the region over which Spain by the current settlement surrenders or surrenders her sway, may stay in a such area or may expel thusly, holding in either occasion every one of their privileges of property, including the option to sell or discard such property or of its returns; and they will likewise reserve the option to carry on their industry, trade and callings, being subject in regard thereof to such laws as are pertinent to different outsiders. On the off chance that they stay in the domain they may safeguard their devotion to the Crown of Spain by making, under the watchful eye of a court of record, inside a year from the date of the trading of sanctions of this bargain, a revelation of their choice to protect such faithfulness; in default of which assertion they will be held to have repudiated it and to have embraced the nationality of the region where they may dwell. The social equality and political status of the local occupants of the regions therefore surrendered to the

Corporate Bankruptcy Essay -- Business Management

Corporate Bankruptcy Building an effective business is exceptionally troublesome and while doing so some may experience budgetary hardship. The law has set up a procedure that can help salvage organizations. This is called insolvency. What is chapter 11 to an organization? How does insolvency salvage organizations? The peruser will comprehend the importance of insolvency to a company, be acquainted with kinds of procedures, and relate to organizations that have been protected by chapter 11 procedures. Chapter 11 is a government arrangement of rules and courts which licenses people and organizations which can't pay account holders or now and again face potential indebtedness, to put their money related duties heavily influenced by the insolvency court (www.law.com). The manner in which this works is that when the business' obligations surpass its benefits or can't pay, the business can record an appeal with the insolvency court. This called petitioning for deliberate chapter 11. On the off chance that a business doesn't seek financial protection the unpaid leasers can record an automatic appeal to constrain the business into liquidation (www.law.com). It is better and generally normal for organizations for document willful chapter 11 (www.law.com). There are three sorts of petitions: Chapter 7, Chapter 11 and Chapter 13 (www.law.com). The most well known is for business to request of is under Chapter 7 (www.law.com). In Chapter 7, organizations are selected a trustee by the court (www.law.com). The trustee resembles a money related wizard. The trustee tallies up the organizations resources with the plans of keeping them from the chapter 11, pays obligations the business owes with paying duties first (www.law.com). The trustee at that point centers around paying made sure about obligations, for example, contracts and finally debts without collateral (www.law.com). At that point the court authoritatively announces the business bankrupt and releases the unpayable obligations, this is a lost for the leasers (www.law.com). Documenting a liquidation appeal will suspend all current legitimate activities like dispossession and other burden of judgment. Organizations can't petition for financial protection again for a long time (www.law.com). Part 11 chapter 11 permits a business to redesign and renegotiate to forestall separation of the association (www.law.com). More often than not there is no trustee delegated, however the business is offered time to introduce an arrangement of redesign (www.law.com). This doesn't generally function admirably for busines... ...mart.com). This is new recuperation and Kmart has far to go as indicated by ABC news. Taking everything into account, liquidation is a path for organizations to safeguard themselves when in monetary hardship. Only one out of every odd organization will make it. Some might be lost, however the law gives each business the chance to battle for it's endurance. 3M, NationsRent, and Kmart have all endured and they are searching for a promising future. Work Cited 3M Company website page. Http://www.3m.com Organization News; Citing Weak Demand, 3M Says it is Cutting 125 Jobs, New York Times, 2003.Section C. P.4. Http://www.newyorktimes.com Law Dictionary, http://www.law.com Lorrie Grant. Kmart should leave Chapter 11 unobtrusively, master say. USA Today. April 2004 Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 26. St. James Press, 1999. Repeated in Business and Company Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. 2006. Http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BCRC NationsRent Company website page. Http://www.nationsrent.com Troy Bryant. NationsRent, Hoover.com, http://www.hovers.com/nationsrent/ - ID_57275- -/free-co-factsheet.xhtml. retreived July 12, 2006

The Best Books in Every State List List #275

The Best Books in Every State List List #275 Sponsored by OverDrive. Meet Libby, a new app built with love for readers to discover and enjoy eBooks and audiobooks from your library. Created by OverDrive and inspired by library users, Libby was designed to get people reading as quickly and seamlessly as possible. Libby is a one-tap reading app for your library who is a good friend always ready to go to the library with you. One-tap to borrow, one-tap to read, and one-tap to return to your library or bookshelf to begin your next great book. Travel+Leisure, The Best Books Based in Every State at Signature, 11 of the Best Shirley Jackson Books at Unbound Worlds, 7 Japanese Horror Novels at Brightly, 17 New Authors of Color Writing Much-Needed Stories for Kids at Off the Shelf, 13 Autumnal Books at BuzzFeed, 23 Goosebumps Books Youll Still Find Terrifying at Bustle, 11 Memoirs Perfect For Literary Fiction-Lovers at Literary Hub, Scary Literary Fiction for People Who Hate Horror   at Electric Lit, 12 New Book Covers Created for Sherlock Holmes’ 125th Anniversary at Lee Low Blog, 7 Children’s Books for National Bullying Prevention Month at The New York Times, Sex, Politics and the Banned Books of 2016 at Read it Forward, 8 Books Issa Rae Recommends on Instagram

The Problem with Problem Plays The Failures in the Categorization of Shakespeare’s ‘Problem Plays’ - Literature Essay Samples

Throughout the extensive criticism written on Shakespeare plays, the definition of these problematic plays has been a constant topic for debate. Kiernan Ryan suggests critics focus either on these plays all having in inherently ‘political implications’, or a form of deconstructive, or psychoanalytical analysis. Yet the potential for another opinion could still be valid as expressed by critics such as Jonathon Dollimore and Kathleen McLuskie who have implied that the plays are not at all problematic in the ways previously suggested. This then draws light on the problematic nature of defining problem plays at all; the defining of the plays is arguably as much of a problem as the plays themselves. This essay will try and look at some of the viable ways that the plays do connect and stand as a group of problems, but also try to expose the dangers of naming these connections, and the wider problems with genre and the categorization of Shakespeares plays. When looking for examples that link the plays together, of course there are obvious connections. Similar themes, paralleled characters, and the formal conventions of the plays can all be seen as viable links to grouping the three plays as problem plays. As Nicholas Marsh notes in the final pages of his book Shakespeare: Three Problem Plays, ‘critics†¦seem to be in agreement about one thing: that the problem plays cause problems†¦they reflect an experience of plays which are not solved: not susceptible to, or provided with, a unified and stable resolution.’ Their refusal to not be resolved and remain unsatisfactory can be seen in the formal elements of the three plays. In All’s Well that Ends Well the play could have easily finished in the first act with Helena’s decision that Bertram ‘is the man’ of her choosing and the King’s declaration, ‘take her young Bertram, she is thy wife.’(II. 3. 106); creating the perfect ending to the chivalric quest of love that Helena embarked on, and Bertram’s hand as her rightful prize. Yet, Shakespeare continues and the remainder of the play can be seen as a doubling of the previous plot. This doubling causes Helena, again to travel to seek her husband, and culminates in her again successful wining of Bertrams hand. An act that is approved of by everyone in the court and by Bertram’s, perhaps begrudgingly, ‘I’ll love her dearly, ever ever dearly’ (V. 3. 316). In this phrase we can also see a doubling occur in the very language uttered by the characters further expressing the notion that Bertram is ‘doubly won’ (V. 3. 314). The use of the plot doubling and going back on itself suggests that the play is dragging its audience back to unanswered or unexplained problems, forcing us to re-evaluate the situation presented to us, thus robbing the audience of a satisfying comedic ending. Similarly, a breaking up of form ca n be seen in the sporadic scene jumps between Troilus and Cressida’s tragic love story and the cynical war setting; and the constant need for re-assertion of positions in Measure for Measure, juxtaposed with the plays linguistic inabilities to place Mariana within a status, ‘maid, widow, nor wife’, mirrors the wider world and the inability to resolve anxieties about problems of society. There are of course other things that have been championed as links between the plays. For example, religious dogma and the obsession with human spectacle are both heavily present in the plays. The final theatrical act of the Duke at the end of Measure for Measure, embodies both of these as he publically shames Angelo and Lucio by binding them in marriage, ‘Marry her instantly’(V. 1.370), and his unmasking of himself addresses issues of public spectacle. His political role as Duke and his guise of a friar, raises heavy questions about religious right to rule and suggests that the audience experienced a disillusionment and unmasking of religious dogma parallel to the literal unmasking of the Duke. This disillusionment is also present in Troilus and Cressida through the complete lack of religion in the play and resetting of the classic story into a secular scene. The treatment of Cassandra is a key scene highlighting the disillusionment with religious dogma, and even by th e end of the play when the prophecy is fulfilled, we as an audience do not look back to Cassandra’s Cry, Trojans, cry!, or ponder over the fact it was fate that caused the death of Hector, as one may do with the fickle fortune of Romeo and Juliet. Hence further highlighting a disassociation with religion. However, despite these similarities with the plays, we should not forget to also view them in relation to Shakespeare’s whole canon; something that arguably weakens the idea of the three plays being a separate group in the same way that the comedies and tragedies are separate. By viewing all the plays in relation each other it helps highlight the problematic qualities of all plays. In his book Shakespeare’s Problem Plays, Tillyard mentions many other potential problem plays: The most obvious being Hamlet which is Tillyards whole reason for dubbing the group ‘problem play rather than problem comedies’ He argues that the links between Hamlet and Troilus are too strong to ignore; in particular, the ‘doughy’(IV. 5. 3) male characters of both which present ‘unbaked’ (IV. 5. 3) males not ready for the responsibilities spaced on them. Here he also brings in Bertram, and to an extent Angelo, as other doughy characters; they are lacking som ething that makes them not yet fully a man and Tillyard suggests this is a factor that links the four plays together. Indeed, strong connotations of Angelo’s ‘What’s this? What’s this?’ (II. 2. 167) can be seen in Hamlet’s ‘To be, or not to be’ highlighting the use of interiority to address areas of lack in the unbaked males of these plays. Whilst this connection may seem obvious, Tillyard also mentions other plays that have a similar vein to the so-called problem plays. For example, during a slight tangent, Tillyard mentions the crucial theme of forgiveness in The Winter’s Tale and how wonderfully it fits in with the play’s plot as a whole, the finale being the ultimate act of forgiveness, something he states, Measure for Measure attempted but ultimately failed to achieve. However, in a previous chapter of the book he suggested that the contemporary Elizabethan audience would have preferred finales where everything is revealed in a big scene, (as seen in Measure for Measure, All’s Well, and arguably even with Troilus discovery of Cressida as unfaithful). If we were to place the plays in contexts of the audiences viewing them as he did, then would it not be acceptable to the suggest that The Winter’s Tale rather than being about great forgiveness, has the same problems as Measure for Measure? The forgiveness in The Winter’s Tale is not earned. To a modern audience it feels bitter, in a very similar way to Isabella’s fate to be silently married, seemingly against her will, does in Measure for Measure. Yet despite this connection which Tillyard makes so clear, The Winter’s Tale, is not a problem play. therefore, we must question just how much do the ‘similarities of the problems plays’ cause them to stand out from the rest of the canon and how much they actually create a notion of continuity between Shakespeare’s already extremely varied works. According to Nicholas Marsh ’we must not spend our time trying to classify them [the problem plays as such]. or even assume that they are a group at all.’ This statement does call into question our need to group these three into a deliberate group, especially in light of the many similar aspects in the plays. The label â€Å"problem† is shown to be an incredibly unstable one. Ironically, the instability is incredibly fitting for the plays, yet one cannot say that these plays are a group purely on the content, as they all share much in common with other plays. Tillyard suggest that the plays were in the development stages for Shakespeare where he was developing ideas seen in his previous plays, and expressing them fully in the plays after and around the problem plays. This provides a good explanation for the similarities in the plays rather than intentional decision by Shakespeare to create problematic plays. Though Tillyard’s suggestion of a development is valid, thinking of these plays as developments is not as enjoyable as supporting the idea that they still have substance in their own right. Furthermore, the category of problem plays is awkward to use because it assumes that like all the other categories, that they will follow a specific pattern. For example, the romantic comedies all have a period of freedom before converting back to society and of course the marriages at the end. An assumption which Kiernan Ryan states is ‘the problem with most criticism †¦[and] its compulsion†¦ to reduce them to a recognizable version of a creed†¦. that is already known’. If this assumption of Shakespeare as the ‘champion of aesthetic common sense’ must be avoided when discussing plays in the romance genre then, likewise, the problem plays risk a similar generalization. These plays are together for exactly the reason that they do not conform, which begs the question why give them a category in the first place? Critics attempts at trying to pins them in a specific genre or find connections suggests an attempt to de-problematize the plays, something that if was ever successful, would deny the plays of their only investing factor: their problematic nature. So to conclude, quite simply, these plays all present problems and can be seen as having both formal and plot driven connections that suggest the plays are addressing similar topics. Un-resolvable predicaments in an anxious commentary about the constructs of society, that cannot be solved no matter how much the play tries, is what makes them problematic. However, this does not necessarily give us a right to label them as problem plays, separate from the canon because they were experiments or failures. Furthermore, looking again at Shakespeare’s wider canon, to suggest these plays are problematic for the reasons suggested would be to in part accuse all of Shakespeare’s work as a problem. There is unquestionably an abundance of plays that appear more problematic to a modern day audience, causing, to some extent, a watering down of the problem plays harsh problems in a modern context. Therefore, if the plays require a label at all, it should be that they are problematic bu t not problems. In other words, rather they are problematic in their content, and force the audience to question their own moral opinions, but this is merely a shifting scale in Shakespeare’s plays in which Troilus and Cressida, Measure for Measure and All’s Well That Ends Well are further along. Bibliography Byville, Eric, ‘Aesthetic Uncommon Sense: Early Modern Taste And The Satirical Sublime’, Criticism, 54, no.4 (2012), 583-62 Last accessed 13 Dec 2016 Marsh, Nicholas, Shakespeare: Three Problem Plays (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) Ryan, Kiernan, Shakespeare: The Last Plays (London: Routledge, 2014) Shakespeare, William, All’s Well That Ends Well, ed. by Susan Snyder (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008) â€Å" â€Å", Measure for Measure, ed. by Brian Gibbons (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012) â€Å" â€Å", Troilus and Cressida, ed. by David Bevington (London: Bloomsbury, 2014) The Norton Shakespeare, ed. by Stephen Greenblatt and others, 3rd edn (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016) Tillyard, E.M.W., Shakespeare’s Problem Plays (London: Chatto and Windus, 1951)

Bucknell University Personal Statement - 996 Words

I am applying for the Assistant Professor Position in the Department of Mechanical Engineering (ME) at Bucknell University (Job no: 493839). Currently, I am an Assistant Clinical Professor and Research Educator in the Designing Innovations (DI) Research Stream in the First-Year Innovation and Research Experience (FIRE) at the University of Maryland, College Park (UMD). I have had various teaching and mentoring experiences with undergraduate students since 2013. I am currently leading the DI Research Stream which provides a unique opportunity to mentor and teach engineering design and design research to freshmen and sophomores. Specifically, I am interested in investigating how teams of human designers tackle complex design problems. To†¦show more content†¦While my responsibilities included teaching, I spent most of time mentoring 122 students through the test plan development and experiments required by the lab’s seven modules involving topics ranging from material property characterization, flow loop, and performance testing of vacuum cleaners. In addition, I trained new graduate lab assistants; developed two new lab modules addressing industrial safety for operating lathes, drill presses, and milling machines; and developed a presentation on the technical writing skills required for the content and format of the lab reports. D ue to my 6 years research and educational background in engineering design, I am interested to teach various courses across the mechanical engineering curriculum including MECH 220 Mechanics, MECH 202 Graphics for Design and Manufacture, MECH 222 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Lab, MECH 353 Solid Mechanics, MECH 355 Manufacturing Processes, and MECH 302 Finite Elements in Analysis and Design immediately after starting. Moreover, I am interested to teach thermo-fluid courses because my Master of Science concentration was on experimental heat transfer and thermo-fluid sciences. In both my teaching and mentoring, I practiced and used a student-centered learning approach. 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The Impact of Slavery on African Society Essay - 1149 Words

The Impact of Slavery on African Society Slavery has played a strong role in African society from as early as prehistoric times, continuing to the modern era. Early slavery within Africa was a common practice in many societies, and was very central to the country’s economy. Beginning around the 7th century, two groups of non-African slave traders significantly altered the traditional African forms of slavery that had been practiced in the past. Native Africans were now being forced to leave the country to be used as slaves. The two major slave trades, trans-Saharan and trans-Atlantic, became central to the organization of Africa and its societies until the modern era. Slavery and the slave trade strongly affected African society, and†¦show more content†¦As European desire grew for products including sugar, cotton and rice, the demand for plantation labor also increased. African slave labor was cheap among European standards, leading to the influx of such a large number of African slaves in the New World. Eu ropean and American slave-traders acquired roughly 12 million slaves from West and west central Africa. People may argue that the practice did not become dehumanizing until white Europeans came along and took slaves to the Americas’. Slavery had existed in Africa as it had in other parts of the world, for centuries, but it was not based on race and it did not result in dehumanization and death, as did transatlantic slavery. This statement is claiming that because the economies of Africa did not depend on slave labor, the number of enslaved people was small until European traders arrived. I am convinced that the African slave trade led to the dehumanization of Africans because it was focused on the legal institution created by law in America, which allowed white American settlers to actually own Africans. 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However, they are wrong because slavery brought many different political m ovements and the Underground RailroadRead MoreThe Slave Rebellion Was An Important Event That Helped Ignite The End Of Abolishing Slavery Essay1327 Words   |  6 PagesThe slave rebellion was an important event that helped ignite the start of abolishing slavery. Around the year of 1831 Nat Turner led a significant rebellion that mark the pursuit to freedom in America. Nat Turner is a former slave who was born in 1800. His plan was to â€Å"overthrow the slave regime† because he was fed up and felt that he wanted his own freedom instead of being degraded as a slave (Mason). What spark Turner’s idea about creating a rebellion was from a story he heard as a little boyRead MoreTransatlantic Slave Trade and the Effects on the American Economy1627 Words   |  7 Pagesand America† (Colin Palmer). The transatlantic slave trade transported African people to the â€Å"New World†. It lasted from the 16th to the 19th century. 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Instead, on each different place, the â€Å"Islamic slavery† was shaped by the local conditions and reshaped by the economic and social changes.1 The Islam was one of the â€Å"ideological frameworks† used in the African continent toRead MoreVoices Beyond Exploitation : Gender Norms And Racia l Bias1657 Words   |  7 PagesVoices beyond Exploitation: Gender Norms and Racial Bias in 18th Century Poetry From the mid-18th century until present day, Africans and people of African descent, as well as female poets who advocated for equal rights began to write down their personal stories of how slavery and social restrictions have impacted their lives. 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Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars Are the Round Echinoderms

Sea urchins and sand dollars (Echinoidea) are a group of echinoderms that are spiny, globe or disk-shaped animals. Sea urchins and sand dollars are found in all the worlds oceans. Like most other echinoderms, they are pentaradially symmetrical (the have five sides arranged around a central point). Characteristics Sea urchins range in size from as small as a couple of inches in diameter to over a foot in diameter. They have a mouth located on their upper part of their body (also known as the oral surface) although some sea urchins have a mouth located towards one end (if their body shape is irregular). Sea urchins have tube feet and move using a water vascular system. Their endoskeleton consists of calcium carbonate spicules or ossicles. In sea urchins, these ossicles are fused into plates that form a shell-like structure called a test. The test encloses the internal organs and provides support and protection. Sea urchins can sense touch, chemicals in the water, and light. They do not have eyes but their entire body seems to detect light in some manner. Sea urchins have a mouth that consists of five jaw-like parts (similar to the structure of brittle stars). But in sea urchins, the chewing structure is known as Aristotles lantern (so named for the description of Aristotles History of Animals). The teeth of sea urchins sharpen themselves as they  grind food. The Aristotles lantern encloses the mouth and the pharynx and empties into the esophagus which in turn connects to the small intestine and caecum. Reproduction Some species of sea urchins have long, sharp spines. These spines serve as protection from predators and can be painful if they puncture the skin. It has not been determined in all species whether the spines are venomous or not. Most sea urchins have spines that are about an inch long (give or take a bit). The spines are often rather blunt at the end although a few species have longer, sharper spines. Sea urchins have separate sexes (both male and female). It is difficult to distinguish between the sexes but males usually select different microhabitats. They are usually found in more exposed or higher locations than females, enabling them to disperse their spermatic fluid into the water and distribute it better. Females, in contrast, select more protected locations to forage and rest. Sea urchins have five gonads located on the underside of the test (although some species only have four gonads). They release gametes into the water and fertilization takes place in open water. Fertilized eggs develop into free-swimming embryos. A larva develops from the embryo. The larva develops test plates and descends to the seafloor where it completes its transformation into an adult form. Once in its adult form, the sea urchin continues to grow for several years until it reaches its mature size. Diet Sea urchins feed on algae for the most part although some species also feed occasionally on other invertebrates such as sponges, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and mussels. Although they appear to be sessile (attached to the seafloor or substrate) they are capable of moving. They move over surfaces by way of their tube feet and spines. Sea urchins provide a food source for sea otters as well as wolf eels. Evolution Fossil sea urchins date back about 450 million years ago to the Ordovician period. Their closest living relatives are sea cucumbers. Sand dollars evolved much more recently than sea urchins, during the Tertiary, about 1.8 million years ago. Sand dollars have a flattened disk test, instead of the globe-shaped test sea urchins have. Classification Animals Invertebrates Echinoderms Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars Sea urchins and sand dollars are divided into the following basic groups: Perischoechinoidea - The members of this group were abundant during the Palaeozoic Era but today only a few members still survive. Most species of Perischoechinoidea became extinct during the Mesozoic Era.Echinoidea - The majority of living sea urchins belong to this group. Members of the Echinoidea first appeared during the Triassic Period.

Personalities of Hamlet in William Shakespeare´s Play by...

â€Å"A man does what he must — in spite of personal consequences, in spite of obstacles and dangers, and pressures — and that is the basis of all human morality,† John F. Kennedy once stated. In the tragedy, Hamlet, William Shakespeare presents Hamlet as one of the most distinguishable characters due his quest to avenge his father’s death. Hamlet Throughout the play, he is given various voices: as an avenger, as a moralist, and as a philosopher. In this essay, I will be explaining these personalities of Hamlet in depth. The voice of Hamlet as an avenger is observed across the play after the ghost of old king Hamlet reveals that Claudius is the individual who murdered him. Hamlet commences his quest to kill Claudius by initially, acting†¦show more content†¦Instead of killing the king immediately, he follows his morals by first seeking to learn if what the ghost said is true. While giving much thought to his situation, Hamlet comes up with a plan called the â€Å"Mousetrap† in which the actors will reenact the death of old King Hamlet. If Claudius reacts nervous due to this play, Hamlet will know that the ghost can be trusted Hamlet can lastly be seen as a philosophical figure across many instances in this play. He enjoys thinking about complex questions that he himself cannot answer without any doubts. Hamlet primarily questions himself about existence and death questions, pondering about what happens after a body dies, suicide, and in addition, the afterlife. For example, in Act 5, Scene 1, Hamlet states â€Å"Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander returned to dust, the dust is dirt, and dirt makes mud we use to stop up holes.† In this quote, Hamlet can be observed as a philosopher since he emphasizes that everyone faces the same fate of death regardless if that certain individual is an impoverished person or a wealthy person. In addition, Hamlet can be seen as a philosopher in one of his most famou s soliloquies, the â€Å"To be or not to be† speech. In this soliloquy, Hamlet ponders whether or not life is worth living. He emphasizes the unfairness of life but then states that death might be worse. HamletShow MoreRelatedHamlets Psychological Aspect2256 Words   |  10 Pagesreading this play: Hamlet. The inner motivations and psyche of this character have captured my attention. Therefore, the aim of this research is to depict Hamlet’s attitudes during the play. I will try to approach to his real feelings on life and death taking into consideration what critics and researchers have said about Hamlet. In order to clarify Hamlet’s personality and behaviour, I will provide some aspects of the historical context in which Shakespeare was inspired to write this play, and aRead MoreSurface, Depth, And A Reflected World Of Hamlet1830 Words   |  8 PagesWorld of Hamlet Although dynamic characters typically develop through solely personal obstacles, William Shakespeare uses the character of Hamlet as a contradiction by illustrating his growth through other characters. In Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Shakespeare strategically uses Laertes and Fortinbras in order to foil the character of Hamlet. An extended metaphor of a pond is created and through tangled family ties, internal conflict concerning perfection, and the pursuit of justice, Shakespeare is ableRead MoreThe Problem with â€Å"Hamlet and His Problems†1862 Words   |  8 Pagesespecially William Shakespeare, have created some of the most stirring and thought provoking stories to be performed on stage. One of the most famous of Shakespeare’s plays is the tragedy of â€Å"Hamlet†. Most people would read â€Å"Hamlet† and come to the conclusion that Shakespeare is a playwright mastermind, however, there are a few that would call it a disaster. One of these few peopl e is T. S. Eliot, who wrote an essay called â€Å"Hamlet and his Problems† in which he verbally attacks Shakespeare and claimsRead MoreHamlet s Attitude And Treatment Of His Mother1522 Words   |  7 PagesModern folklore suggests women look at a man s relationship with his mother to predict how they will treat other women in their life. Hamlet is a good example of a son s treatment of his mother reflecting how he will treat the woman he loves because when considering Hamlet s attitude and treatment of the Ophelia in William Shakespeare s play, Hamlet, one must first consider how Hamlet treated his mother. 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Research Methodology Essay Free Essays

â€Å"The study of man contains a greater variety of intellectual styles than any other area of cultural endeavor. How different social scientists go about their work, and what they aim t accomplish by it, often do not seem to have a common denominator †¦ Let us admit the case of our critics from the humanities and from the experimental sciences: Social science as a whole is both intellectually and morally confused. And what is called sociology is very much in the middle of this confusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methodology Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Wright Mills Images of Man Abstract The quest for knowledge has always been at the forefront of societies mind. What makes us tick as a society or an individual, what circumstances have to come about to lead to different phenomena to occur? Sociologists, psychologists, philosophers and social scientists have spent eons of time pondering on these questions. Research is the way in which these questions may be answered, but the question remains, as to what type of research leads us to the right answer or, if there is a right answer, what is the one true answer? If different research methods produce different answers, which is the right, the true answer and if we find it does this render all the other answers null or wrong? These are some of the questions that I will be asking in this paper through examining concepts such as the symbolic order in research, the role of emotions in research, the grouping together of different methodologies to create a clearer picture of the research and the importance of reflexivity during the research process. Keywords; emotions, symbolic order, reflexivity. The word research originates from the late 16th century French word recerche, re (expressing intensive force) and cherchier to search. It means the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. In this essay I will be focusing on qualitive research methods, examining some of the problems that may be encountered when conducting social research and how these problems may be overcome and used to advantage. Qualitative research takes an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter; qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings that people bring to them. This process begins by understanding that there are a variety of ways of making sense of the world and therefore focuses on discovering the meanings that are seen by those who are being researched, to better understand their view of the world. The methodology used in research will vary in accordance with the research being conducted, this can be limiting if a type of methodology is decided on and rigidly adhered to throughout the research leaving no room for reconsideration or change of view. Different Methodological Approaches. The manner in which sociologists study society varies greatly between individual sociologists. There are many reasons for these varying views such as backgrounds, culture, family influences, religion and experiences with these experiences leading them to come to certain conclusions about certain situations. For this reason it is important not to rely on one type of sociological perspective which may constrict the researcher in the researching of certain phenomena. In research however objectively the reality of the social world was approached, its meaning was never self evident but always subject to interpretation with this interpretation being subject to the researchers biases formed out of the afore mentioned factors. Some of the different methods of researching or research style are Positivism which means scientific; positivists would argue that it is possible and desirable to study social behavior in ways similar to those used by natural scientists when studying the natural world. The interpretive approach to research has been gaining attention in recent years as an alternative to the more traditional positivist approach (Lee 342). Lee describes the interpretive approach as â€Å"such procedures as those associated with ethnography, hermeneutics, phenomenology and case studies. By the positivist he refers to inferential statistics, hypothesis testing, mathematical analysis and experimental and quasi experimental design. Ethnography (Greek ethnos = folk/people and graphein = writing) is a qualitative research method often used in the social sciences, particularly in anthropology and in sociology. It is often employed for gathering empirical data on human societies/cultures. Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc. Ethnography aims to describe the nature of those who are studied (i. e. to describe a people, an ethnos) through writing. In the biological sciences, this type of study might be called a â€Å"field study† or a â€Å"case report,† both of which are used as common synonyms for â€Å"ethnography. Lee states that the difference between positivist and interpretive approaches has been described as objective versus subjective (Burrell and Morgan 1979), outsider versus insider (Evered and Louis 1981), quantitive versus qualitive (Van Mannen 1979) and etic versus emic (Morey and Luthans 1984). In literature it may seem that these 2 methods of research are opposed and irreconcilable and there is some concern over what Morey and Luthans call the â€Å"widening gap between the two major orientations to organizational research† (1984, 84). Lee puts forward the idea of joining the two methodologies together as he argues that they both have something to offer the researcher. He devised a framework called three levels of understanding. [pic] The first level belongs to the observed human subjects, this consists of common sense and meanings which are true for these subjects and how they see themselves, which give rise to the behavior that they manifest in socially constructed settings. The second belongs to the observing organizational researcher. This understanding according to Lee is the researchers reading and interpretation of the first level, common sense understanding where the researcher may use concepts such as subjective interpretation, the hermeneutical circle or thick description. The third level of understanding also belongs to the researcher. This understanding is one that the researcher creates and tests in order to explain the empirical reality that he is investigating. This explanation is called scientific theory is made up of constructs that belong only to the observing researcher. This explanation consists of formal positions that typically posit the existence of unobservable entities such as social structure, issues that may attempt to account for the influence of certain factors of which the observed subjects may not even be aware. The above diagram shoes the flow of ideas and understanding between the three levels of understanding and the relevance of the two methods of research in question. This illustrated the importance of varying the methods of research used, to create a legitimate piece of research work it is vital to come at the work from different angles rather than taking a blinkered approach. This is vital all there can be no definite knowledge in research as there are so many variables and researchers take the research on for so many different reasons with so many different worldviews. Identifying applicable research strategies is almost as difficult as methodologies tend to differ according to the various factors found within the desired outcome. Yet methods cannot be orchestrated to generate this outcome from the data, but merely facilitate its collection and synthesis. Any successful research methodology does not, therefore, create knowledge, but rather is an applicable strategy for identifying and processing the information which exists. Hathaway (1995) stresses that there are decisions embedded within the creation and conduct of research methodologies that are generated both within the research setting and within the perceptions of the researcher. The concept of an unbiased methodology is thus inherently impossible: Are we creatures of reason and logic? Or are we better characterized as the victims of unconscious drives, forces and emotions? Does the different language we use really make such a difference in what we have to say? Are we saying something better and more academic if it is considered almost too technical for the reader to understand? Are texts considered more valid if they are difficult to understand and read? Are these technical essays and writings elitist, written by elitist academics just to be appreciated by like minded and like educated individuals? Why publish research ideas that are inaccessible to society? All researchers come to the experimentation process with preconceived opinions of how and why the research process should transpire. â€Å"When one chooses a particular research approach, one makes certain assumptions concerning knowledge, reality, and the researcher’s role. These assumptions shape the research Endeavour, from the methodology employed to the type of questions asked. † (Hathaway 1995). So how do we carry out the most informed research possible? It is important not to take a ‘sat nav’ approach to the research, asking a question that you already know the answer to and not be prepared to change course along the way, the research process is the information that the researcher finds along the pathway to the research, the phenomena the researcher encounters along the pathway is as relevant as the final conclusion and it is vital to include this in the research process. If the research question is not working is it preferable to change the question or come at the research from a different angle rather than trying to fit your research question into every area of the study? Reynolds argues that the methodologist turns research technician, in spite of himself, and becomes an aimless itinerant, moving in whatever direction his research techniques summon him, studying changing patterns of voting because these are readily accessible to his techniques rather than the workings of political institutions and organizations for which he has not evolved satisfying techniques of investigation. Reynolds 190). In my own research on texting differences between adults and teens I will be using field work which will consist of focus groups with informal questioning and conversation, individual interviews and data analysis in the form of analyzing a number of text interactions in both focus groups. Bourdieu and the Importance of Reflexivity in Social Research. Is knowl edge independent of the situation of the knower, or a product of it? Bourdieu stresses the importance in reflexivity while conducting social research. The sociologist must at all times be aware of their own habitus, their position of thought and in life and how bringing this to research will affect the research outcome. According to Bourdieu it is impossible for our objectivity to remain unbiased and unprejudiced due to our preconceived habitus. It is only by maintaining such a continual vigilance that the sociologists can spot themselves in the act of importing their own biases into their work. Reflexivity is, therefore, a kind of additional stage in the scientific epistemology. If there is a single feature that makes Bourdieu stand out in the landscape of contemporary social theory’, wrote Loic J. D. Wacquant (1992: 36), ‘it is his signature obsession with reflexivity. ’ For Bourdieu, reflexivity is an epistemological principle which advises sociologists, as ‘objectifying subjects’, to turn their objectifying gaze upon themselves and become aware of the hidden assumptions that structure their research. Without this reflexive move, sociology cannot escape the ‘fallacies of scholasticism’ and loses its chances to provide a truly scientific analysis of the social world. Reflexivity requires an awareness of the researcher’s contribution to the construction of meanings throughout the research process, and an acknowledgment of the impossibility of remaining ‘outside of’ one’s subject matter while conducting research. Reflexivity then, urges us â€Å"to explore the ways in which a researcher ’s involvement with a particular study influences, acts upon and informs such research. † (Nightingale and Cromby, 1999, p. 228). In the rush of interest in qualitative research in the past 15 years, few topics have developed as broad a consensus as the relevance of analytic â€Å"reflexivity. † (Macbeth 2001). Macbeth argues that contemporary expressions of reflexivity have attachments to critical theory, standpoint theory, textual deconstruction and sociologies and anthropologies of knowledge and power and agency with theorists such as Bourdieu and Wacquant at the forefront of this type of thinking. Bourdieu has problematised social research in relation to his concept of habitus stating that the researcher must at all times be aware of his habitus,(prevailing and long learned personal norms and biases, formed over a lifetime) and take steps to acknowledge this habitus by looking back on himself and his research with a critical eye. The postmodern condition is such that there are no certainties in social research as norms and values become intertwined, identities and culture intermingle and clash as do gender and sexualities, power is gained and lost through means of popularity alone and social researchers can only strive to explore every avenue of their research subject reflexively in the quest for knowledge and answers. In research this reflexivity can be put into two categories, personal reflexivity, which involves the researcher acknowledging their own habitus and how this is affecting their research and in turn affecting the researcher carrying out the research. The second is epistemological reflexivity which requires us to ask questions of the research such as: â€Å"How has the research question defined and limited what can be ‘found? ‘ How have the design of the study and the method of analysis ‘constructed’ the data and the findings? How could the research question have been investigated differently? To what extent would this have given rise to a different understanding of the phenomenon under investigation? Thus, epistemological reflexivity encourages us to reflect upon the assumptions (about the world, about knowledge) that we have made in the course of the research, and it helps us to think about the implications of such assumptions for the research and its findings. † (Willig, 2001). The Use of Emotion in Social Research. Williams and Bendelow (1996), map the field of sociology of emotions onto the concerns of sociology: â€Å"emotions have fundamental implications for a range of pertinent sociological themes and issues including social action, agency and identity; social structure; gender, sexuality and intimacy; the embodiment of emotions across the life-course (from childhood to old age); health and illness; and the social organization of emotions in the workplace (formal and informal). Emotions play an important part in the field at a number of levels. It is important to realize that the researcher’s identity and experiences shape the ideas with which they go into the field, their political and ideological stance, and there is an analytic cost if this interplay of person and research is not taken into consideration. The researcher takes assumptions and emotions into and generates emotions in the field about the researched. Kleinman and Copp (1993) suggest that if a researcher experiences negative emotions about their participants they would prefer to ignore, or repress those feelings, since to admit them might constitute a threat to their professional and personal identity. But these can be the very feelings (anger and disappointment perhaps) that could help the researcher to understand their own assumptions and their participants. It is clear to me that emotions are very important in fieldwork, both those of the participants and of the researchers. The researcher’s emotions can have effects at the personal and professional levels, in relation to their understanding of their self and identity, and their capacity to perform in a fashion that they would themselves regard as professional, and these effects can be long term. A considerable amount of emotion work is called for in qualitative research, and often the dangers consequent on this are not recognized. In some instances researchers have been made quite ill (physically or emotionally) through their experiences of denying, ignoring or managing emotions. The emotions experienced by respondents in the field are data and need to be drawn into analysis and interpretation. It has been suggested here that emotions are important in the production of knowledge from a number of perspectives. In most cases, despite some unpleasant experiences, researchers value the extra power in understanding, analysis and interpretation that the emotions they experience in the field can bring to the research. In his article Hidden Ethnography: Crossing emotional Borders in Qualitive Accounts of Young People’s Lives. Shane Blackman concludes that different ethnographic episodes show how powerful feelings of emotions from love to hate grip both the researcher and the researched. He states that his fieldwork consisted of constant negotiation and respect with participants who allowed him access to their public and private spaces. He advises that to advance more open, reflexive approaches that explain how research is conducted and written, sociology needs greater disciplinary understanding and recognition of the real challenges and opportunities faced by qualitive research, which demands emotion. The Symbolic Order in Social Research. â€Å"The â€Å"Symbolic Order† achieved its currency in Anglo-Saxon human sciences by way of Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory but originated in Claude Levi-Strauss’s Les structures elementaires de la parente (1949) [translated into English as Elementary Structures of Kinship, 1969] which used the term to group the many different codes which constitute human societies—from social identities and kinship relations to cooking and feasting rituals and religious observances—in short all cultural practices and inscriptions, whatever their language. Levi-Strauss showed that patterns we can observe in one level are invariably linked to and determined by similar patterns in other levels†. (Clark 2004) How important is the symbolic order in social research? There are many factors to take into account when discussing the symbolic order in relation to research. Gusfield and Michalowicz argue that in recent years, sociologists and anthropologists have conducted â€Å"significant studies of modern life using concepts and perspectives derived from symbolic anthropology. Among anthropologists words like ritual, myth, ceremony and symbolism are central to the study of social life in primitive societies. In contemporary society they have been peripheral terms and the activities they denote have not usually been studied in modern societies. † (Gusfield and Michalowicz 1984). The symbolic is of huge importance in social research and cannot be separated from it. When researching we must ask, what is happening here? Recognizing the potentially multiple responses to this question illuminates the way in which meaning is mediated by cultural categories and structures of thought. This awareness of the social construction of reality, which Richard Brown calls symbolic realism (Brown 1977), implies that any segment of human, social activity can be experienced in different and in multiple ways by diverse actors and observers. David Blacker in his thesis argues that for Gadamer, all understanding — whether of a text or of another person — is interpretive. This means is that, whatever else it is and does, understanding moves in what Heidegger called a â€Å"hermeneutic circle. † This circle is productive of meaning. To generate meaning from a text, for example, one must always move around from whole to part and back again. The â€Å"whole† may be the language in which the text was written, the literary tradition to which it belongs, its historical period, the life circumstances of its author, and so on. This â€Å"whole,† then, provides the backdrop against which one gives significance to the â€Å"part,† e. g. , the particular words comprising the text, the individual work in question or the specific period of the author’s life. A helpful analogy is with understanding an ambiguous word within a sentence. If the meaning of the word itself is not immediately obvious, one must find it in its larger context. The newly appreciated meaning of the part (the word) then alters to a degree the meaning of the whole (the sentence). One never escapes â€Å"outside† this whole-part circuit — even the dictionary only relates words to other words. In my own research on ‘the difference in meaning of texting between teens and adults’ the symbolic order plays a large part. The mobile phone will mean different things to these two groups and these issues must be taken into account when formulating the research. Mobile telephone has been widely adopted by many people in society. As it integrates into daily life, it alters the way people communicate, identify their personalities and relate to others in social system. It affects socio-economic structures as well as individual life. Mobile telephone enables accessibility, emancipation, security and micro-coordination and serves as a symbol of prestige, pride and self-identity. The aim of this study is to explore the symbolic factors influencing the use of mobile telephone among teens and dults where in the case of adults the phone may be vital for communication; the teen may find it impossible to function socially without the use of the phone and the texting facility. Conclusion There is no way of determining a sure path for arriving at sociological knowledge; there is unlikely to be, just over the horizon, a new approach, paradigm or perspective to rescue us from the intellectual difficulties involved in a sociological theorizing which can giv e us a better understanding of our social world. Reynolds 339) As researchers we must be aware of our limitations in the social world in so much that we cannot really promise to theorize in a way that explains everything. This is not possible in life as there are too many different collective and individual ideas that are thousands of years in formation. In social research these variables and ideas must be acknowledged and given importance within the research area and with their relevance acknowledged the researcher may move on to the findings of her own particular studies. Karl Mannheim answers critics in letter to the members of a seminar on the sociology of knowledge, by stating that â€Å"if there are contradictions and inconsistencies in my paper this is, I think, not so much due to the fact that I have over looked them but because I make a point of developing a theme to its end even if it contradicts some other statements. I use this method because I think that in this marginal field of human knowledge we should not conceal the inconsistencies, so to speak covering up the wounds, but our duty is to show the sore spots in human thinking at its present stage. In a simple empirical investigation or straightforward logical argument, contradictions are mistakes; but when the task is to show that our whole thought system in its various parts leads to inconsistencies, these inconsistencies are the thorn in the flesh from which we have to start. The inconsistencies in our whole outlook, which in my presentation only become more visible, are due to the fact that we have two approaches which move on a different plane. (Mannheim in Reynolds 1970) David Hume held that we can never be absolutely sure that what we know is true. (Bernard 2006). He argues that we come to understand what is true from what we are exposed to. This reiterates the fact that research is personal even when we try our best to avoid this being the case. We can never be sure according to Hume what we know is true, Humes brand of skepticism is a fundamental principle of social science according to Bernard, â€Å"the scientific method, as it is understood today, involves making improvements in what we know, edging towards the truth, but never quiet getting there and always being ready to have yesterday’s truths overturned by today’s empirical findings.. † (Bernard). In the social sciences we can see sociologists, philosophers and social psychologists such as Michael Foucault, Fredriech Nietzsche, Pierrie Bourdieu and others changing their views on subjects and seemingly contradicting themselves but I would consider that this is paramount when conducting any type of research, as society evolves, technology changes and people become more individualized the world is changing rapidly so we as researchers must be open to change and not be afraid to re-examine our research and research motives to ensure that we are generating the most informed and comprehensible research possible. In the case of Foucault , Tom Keenan argues that â€Å"these contradictions and paradoxes do serve a very important strategic purpose since they allow to articulate a critique of the juridical discourse on a theoretical level. Foucault’s work produces paradoxa since it struggles against doxa, it seeks to place in question orthodoxies of political thought and leftist critique. It is contradictory since it contradicts dominant forms of critique that itself functions as a constraint for imagining political alternatives (Keenan 1987)†. Bibliography Blacker, D. (1993). Article on Education as the Normative Dimension of Philosophical Hermeneutics. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA. Bourdieu, P Wacquant (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Burrell, G. , Morgan, G. Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis, Heinemann, 1979 Cuff. E. C, Sharrock. W. W, Francis. D. W (1998) Perspectives in Sociology. Fourth Edition. Routledge, London. Clark, R. (2004) â€Å"The Symbolic Order†. The Literary Encyclopedia. March 2004. Evered, R. , Louis, M. R. (1991), â€Å"Research perspectives†, in Craig Smith, N. , Dainty, P. (Eds),The Management Research Book, Routledge, London Gusfield. J Michalowicz. J (1984). Secular Symbolism: Studies of Ritual, Ceremony and the Symbolic Order in Modern Life. Annual Reviews Inc 1084 Holland, J (2007) International Journal of Social Research Methodology. Volume 10 Issue 3. July 2007. Keenan, T, (1987) The ‘Para dox’ of Knowledge and Power: Reading Foucault on a bias, in: Political Theory, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1987. Kleinman, S. Copp, M. A. (1993) Emotions and fieldwork. Sage, Newbury Park, CA Macbeth, D. (2001). On â€Å"reflexivity† in qualitative research: Two readings, and a third. Qualitative Inquiry. Morey, N. , and Luthans, F. (1984) â€Å"An Emic Perspective and Ethno Science Methods for Organizational Research,† Academy of Management Review (9:1), 1984. Nightingale, D. Cromby, J. (Eds) (1999). Social constructionist psychology: A critical analysis of theory and practice. Buckingham: Open University Press. Reynolds, L J (1970). The Sociology of Sociology. Analysis and Criticisim of the Thought, Research and Ethical Folkways of Sociology and its Practitioners. David McKay Company INC, New York. Van Maanen, J, (1979). â€Å"Reclaiming Qualitative Methods for Organizational Research: A Preface,† Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24 Williams, S. J. Bendelow, G. A. (1996b) Emotions and ‘sociological imperialism’: A rejoinder to Craib. Willig. C, (2001) Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology (p. 10). How to cite Research Methodology Essay, Essays